Sara Gerke - Penn State Cancer Institute
Researcher Profile
Research Interests
- Artificial Intelligence
- Privacy
- Health
- Machine Learning
- Equipment and Supplies
- Safety
- Pandemics
- Germany
- Antibodies
- Software
- Delivery of Health Care
- Legal Liability
Recent Publications
2023
Hedderich, DM, Weisstanner, C, Van Cauter, S, Federau, C, Edjlali, M, Radbruch, A, Gerke, S & Haller, S 2023, 'Artificial intelligence tools in clinical neuroradiology: essential medico-legal aspects', Neuroradiology, vol. 65, no. 7, pp. 1091-1099. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-023-03152-7
Duffourc, M & Gerke, S 2023, 'Generative AI in Health Care and Liability Risks for Physicians and Safety Concerns for Patients', JAMA, vol. 330, no. 4, pp. 313-314. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.9630
Shachar, C & Gerke, S 2023, 'Prevention of Bias and Discrimination in Clinical Practice Algorithms', JAMA, vol. 329, no. 4, pp. 283-284. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.23867
Gerke, S 2023, Privacy Laws in the USA, Europe, and South Africa. in AI in Clinical Medicine: A Practical Guide for Healthcare Professionals. wiley, pp. 395-406. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119790686.ch37
Duffourc, MN & Gerke, S 2023, 'The proposed EU Directives for AI liability leave worrying gaps likely to impact medical AI', npj Digital Medicine, vol. 6, no. 1, 77. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00823-w
Gerke, S 2023, '“Nutrition Facts Labels” for Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning-Based Medical Devices—The Urgent Need for Labeling Standards', George Washington Law Review, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 79-163.
2022
Kostick-Quenet, KM & Gerke, S 2022, 'AI in the hands of imperfect users', npj Digital Medicine, vol. 5, no. 1, 197. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-022-00737-z
Michelson, KN, Klugman, CM, Kho, AN & Gerke, S 2022, 'Ethical Considerations Related to Using Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Mortality in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit', Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 247, pp. 125-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.12.069
Kostick-Quenet, KM, Cohen, IG, Gerke, S, Lo, B, Antaki, J, Movahedi, F, Njah, H, Schoen, L, Estep, JE & Blumenthal-Barby, JS 2022, 'Mitigating Racial Bias in Machine Learning', Law, medicine & health care : a publication of the American Society of Law & Medicine, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 92-100. https://doi.org/10.1017/jme.2022.13
Gerke, S & Rezaeikhonakdar, D 2022, 'Privacy aspects of direct-to-consumer artificial intelligence/machine learning health apps', Intelligence-Based Medicine, vol. 6, 100061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmed.2022.100061
Klugman, CM & Gerke, S 2022, 'Rise of the Bioethics AI: Curse or Blessing?', American Journal of Bioethics, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 35-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2022.2075056
Shachar, C, Gerke, S, Morrell, W, Kirby, A, Cohen, IG & Bierer, BE 2022, 'When Is a Change Significant? The Update Problem of Apps in Medical and Behavioral Research', Ethics & human research, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 2-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/eahr.500118
Goodman, GR, Kikut, A, Bustamante, MJ, Mendez, L, Mohamed, Y, Shachar, C, Cohen, IG, Gerke, S, Boyer, EW, Rosen, RK, Mayer, KH, O’Cleirigh, C & Chai, PR 2022, '“I’d feel like someone was watchin’ me… watching for a good reason”: perceptions of data privacy, access, and sharing in the context of real-time PrEP adherence monitoring among HIV-negative MSM with substance use', AIDS and Behavior, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 2981-2993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-022-03614-8
2021
Maliha, G, Gerke, S, Cohen, IG & Parikh, RB 2021, 'Artificial Intelligence and Liability in Medicine: Balancing Safety and Innovation', Milbank Quarterly, vol. 99, no. 3, pp. 629-647. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12504
Babic, BB, Gerke, S, Evgeniou, T & Glenn Cohen, I 2021, 'Beware explanations from AI in health care the benefits of explainable artificial intelligence are not what they appear', Science, vol. 373, no. 6552, pp. 284-286. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg1834
Gerke, S, Katznelson, G, Reiss, D & Shachar, C 2021, 'COVID-19 Antibody Testing as a Precondition for Employment: Ethical and Legal Considerations', Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 293-302. https://doi.org/10.1017/jme.2021.42
Babic, B, Gerke, S, Evgeniou, T & Cohen, IG 2021, 'Direct-to-consumer medical machine learning and artificial intelligence applications', Nature Machine Intelligence, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 283-287. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00331-0
Rodwin, MA & Gerke, S 2022, 'German Pharmaceutical Pricing: Lessons for the United States', International Journal of Health Services, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 146-158. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207314211040948
Price, WN, Gerke, S & Cohen, IG 2021, 'How much can potential jurors tell us about liability for medical artificial intelligence?', Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 15-16. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.120.257196
Katznelson, G & Gerke, S 2021, 'The need for health AI ethics in medical school education', Advances in Health Sciences Education, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 1447-1458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-021-10040-3
Babic, B, Cohen, IG, Evgeniou, T & Gerke, S 2021, 'When machine learning goes off the rails a guide to managing the risks', Harvard business review, vol. 2021, no. January-February, pp. 1-10.
2020
Shachar, C, Gerke, S & Adashi, EY 2020, 'AI Surveillance during Pandemics: Ethical Implementation Imperatives', Hastings Center Report, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 18-21. https://doi.org/10.1002/hast.1125
Gunnarsdóttir, HD, Sinha, MS, Gerke, S & Minssen, T 2020, 'Applying the proportionality principle to COVID-19 antibody testing', Journal of Law and the Biosciences, vol. 7, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsaa058
Gerke, S, Yeung, S & Cohen, IG 2020, 'Ethical and Legal Aspects of Ambient Intelligence in Hospitals', JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 323, no. 7, pp. 601-602. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.21699
Cohen, IG, Gerke, S & Kramer, DB 2020, 'Ethical and Legal Implications of Remote Monitoring of Medical Devices', Milbank Quarterly, vol. 98, no. 4, pp. 1257-1289. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12481
Gerke, S, Minssen, T & Cohen, G 2020, Ethical and legal challenges of artificial intelligence-driven healthcare. in Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare. Elsevier, pp. 295-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818438-7.00012-5
Gerke, S, Stern, AD & Minssen, T 2020, 'Germany’s digital health reforms in the COVID-19 era: lessons and opportunities for other countries', npj Digital Medicine, vol. 3, no. 1, 94. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0306-7
Minssen, T, Gerke, S, Aboy, M, Price, N & Cohen, G 2020, 'Regulatory responses to medical machine learning', Journal of Law and the Biosciences, vol. 7, no. 1, lsaa002. https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsaa002
Gerke, S, Shachar, C, Chai, PR & Cohen, IG 2020, 'Regulatory, safety, and privacy concerns of home monitoring technologies during COVID-19', Nature Medicine, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 1176-1182. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0994-1
Cohen, IG, Evgeniou, T, Gerke, S & Minssen, T 2020, 'The European artificial intelligence strategy: implications and challenges for digital health', The Lancet Digital Health, vol. 2, no. 7, pp. e376-e379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30112-6
Cohen, IG, Adashi, EY, Gerke, S, Palacios-Gonzaacutelez, C & Ravitsky, V 2020, 'The Regulation of Mitochondrial Replacement Techniques around the World', Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, vol. 21, pp. 565-586. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genom-111119-101815
Gerke, S, Babic, B, Evgeniou, T & Cohen, IG 2020, 'The need for a system view to regulate artificial intelligence/machine learning-based software as medical device', npj Digital Medicine, vol. 3, no. 1, 53. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0262-2
2019
Babic, B, Gerke, S, Evgeniou, T & Glenn Cohen, I 2019, 'Algorithms on regulatory lockdown in medicine', Science, vol. 366, no. 6470, pp. 1202-1204. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay9547
Gerke, S, Minssen, T, Yu, H & Cohen, IG 2019, 'Ethical and legal issues of ingestible electronic sensors', Nature Electronics, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 329-334. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-019-0290-6
Aboy, M, Liddell, K, Crespo, C, Cohen, IG, Liddicoat, J, Gerke, S & Minssen, T 2019, 'How does emerging patent case law in the US and Europe affect precision medicine?', Nature Biotechnology, vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 1118-1125. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0265-1
Price, WN, Gerke, S & Cohen, IG 2019, 'Potential Liability for Physicians Using Artificial Intelligence', JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 322, no. 18, pp. 1765-1766. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.15064