Rebecca Bascom, MD, MPH - Penn State Cancer Institute
Researcher Profile
Rebecca Bascom, MD, MPH
Professor, Department of Medicine
Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine
Professor, Department of Public Health Sciences
Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine
Professor, Department of Public Health Sciences
Research Interests
Dr. Rebecca Bascom has been part of the faculty at Penn State College of Medicine since 1997. Her patient-centered clinical research includes:
- Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS): Dr. Bascom is coinvestigator on "Educating Primary Care Doctors to Help Patients with Rare Diseases" and serves as part of the monthly EDS STRETCH project clinician research series through Penn State Project ECHO.
- Interstitial lung disease (ILD): Dr. Bascom is director of Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center’s Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation Care Center, anchoring central Pennsylvania ILD care and research.
Her electronic health record-related research includes:
- Pulmonary disease: Dr. Bascom is co-principal investigator of the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)-funded Pulmonary CRG, associated with the COPD Foundation Patient-Powered Research Network. This group helps to incubate junior faculty projects in bronchiectasis, sarcoidosis, sickle cell disease, sleep apnea and the use of natural language processing to classify smoking status.
- PaTH Network: Dr. Bascom is coinvestigator on "A PaTH Towards a Learning Health System in the Mid-Atlantic Region – Health System Leaders Demonstration Project." She is also the clinical lead for the PaTH Network's idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis cohort study.
Dr. Bascom's occupational and environmental health clinical research includes work on the interaction between allergic and non-allergic respiratory disease as well as epidemiologic studies of inhaled toxicants.
She participates or has participated in many clinical trials, including the National Institutes of Health's Pulmonary Trials Cooperative; Network Management Core (NEMO); INSIGHT (COPD); and CLEANup IPF. She has also done pharmaceutical work with Boehringer Ingelheim, MediciNova, MedImmune, InterMune, Genentech, Nitto-Denko and Galapagos.
Dr. Bascom also enjoys collaboration with basic science investigators on topics such as inhalation toxicology, toxicant dosimetry, markers and mechanisms of inhaled toxicant susceptibility, modified-risk tobacco broducts and bronchoscopy multimodality image guidance technology.
Funding for her work has come from NIH, PCORI, Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation, COPD Foundation, Penn State Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Penn State College of Medicine's Grace Woodward Grant, University of Michigan, Pennsylvania Department of Health and pharmaceutical companies.
Dr. Bascom presents at regional health systems, national and international conferences. She is also a frequent speaker for departmental and divisional Grand Rounds at the College of Medicine and serves on the internal review committee and internal advisory board for Penn State Institute for Personalized Medicine.
- Bronchoscopy
- Nose
- Lung
- Smoke
- Tobacco
- Lung Neoplasms
- Thorax
- Asthma
- Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
- Antigens
- Lymph Nodes
- Inhalation
Clinical Trials
Piloting a Virtual Navigation (VN) System for Bronchoscopic Tissue Sampling
Repository of Lung Cancer Diagnostic Procedure Images
Recent Publications
2024
Daneshpajooh, V, Ahmad, D, Toth, J, Bascom, R & Higgins, WE 2024, 'Automatic lesion detection for narrow-band imaging bronchoscopy', Journal of Medical Imaging, vol. 11, no. 3, 036002. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JMI.11.3.036002
Chang, Q, Daneshpajooh, V, Byrnes, PD, Ahmad, D, Toth, J, Bascom, R & Higgins, WE 2024, Synchronization and analysis of multimodal bronchoscopic airway exams for early lung cancer detection. in JH Siewerdsen & ME Rettmann (eds), Medical Imaging 2024: Image-Guided Procedures, Robotic Interventions, and Modeling., 129281B, Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 12928, SPIE, Medical Imaging 2024: Image-Guided Procedures, Robotic Interventions, and Modeling, San Diego, United States, 2/19/24. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3004212
2023
Chang, Q, Ahmad, D, Toth, J, Bascom, R & Higgins, WE 2023, ESFPNet: Efficient deep learning architecture for real-time lesion segmentation in autofluorescence bronchoscopic video. in BS Gimi & A Krol (eds), Medical Imaging 2023: Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging., 1246803, Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 12468, SPIE, Medical Imaging 2023: Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging, San Diego, United States, 2/19/23. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2647897
Yingst, JM, Carrillo, M, Chan, KH, Choi, K, Dao, J, Kulkarni, P, Bordner, C, Goyal, N, Foulds, J & Bascom, R 2023, 'Effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions among persons with cancer: A systematic review', Psycho-Oncology, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 1147-1162. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.6171
Sharp, M, Psoter, KJ, Balasubramanian, A, Pulapaka, AV, Chen, ES, Brown, SAW, Mathai, SC, Gilotra, NA, Chrispin, J, Bascom, R, Bernstein, R, Eakin, MN, Wise, RA, Moller, DR & McCormack, MC 2023, 'Heterogeneity of Lung Function Phenotypes in Sarcoidosis: Role of Race and Sex Differences', Annals of the American Thoracic Society, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.202204-328OC
Zhao, W, Kuhlengel, T, Chang, Q, Daneshpajooh, V, Schaer, T, Brewer, L, Hilliard, R, Ahmad, D, Toth, J, Bascom, R & Higgins, WE 2023, Image-Guided Radial-Probe EBUS Bronchoscopy System: Live Study Validation. in CA Linte & JH Siewerdsen (eds), Medical Imaging 2023: Image-Guided Procedures, Robotic Interventions, and Modeling., 124661O, Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 12466, SPIE, Medical Imaging 2023: Image-Guided Procedures, Robotic Interventions, and Modeling, San Diego, United States, 2/19/23. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2648637
Bascom, R, Cherin, NG & Dhingra, R 2023, Shortness of breath: Multiple causes of dyspnea in a woman with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. in Symptomatic: The Symptom-Based Handbook for Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes and Hypermobility Spectrum Disorders. Elsevier, pp. 347-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95082-4.00023-2
N95 Taskforce 2023, 'The need for systematic quality controls in implementing N95 reprocessing and sterilization', Journal of Hospital Infection, vol. 133, pp. 38-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2022.11.023
Daneshpajooh, V, Dumas, C, Ahmad, D, Toth, J, Bascom, R & Higgins, WE 2023, Vascular pattern recognition for narrow-band imaging bronchoscopy. in BS Gimi & A Krol (eds), Medical Imaging 2023: Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging., 124680L, Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 12468, SPIE, Medical Imaging 2023: Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging, San Diego, United States, 2/19/23. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2647150
2022
Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation 2022, 'Cough-Specific Quality of Life Predicts Disease Progression Among Patients With Interstitial Lung Disease: Data From the Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry', CHEST, vol. 162, no. 3, pp. 603-613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2022.03.025
Zhao, W, Ahmad, D, Toth, J, Bascom, R & Higgins, WE 2023, 'Endobronchial Ultrasound Image Simulation for Image-Guided Bronchoscopy', IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 318-330. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2022.3190165
the ILD MDM Dephi Collaborators 2022, 'Essential Features of an Interstitial Lung Disease Multidisciplinary Meeting An International Delphi Survey', Annals of the American Thoracic Society, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 66-73. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.202011-1421OC
Fan, T, Yingst, JM, Bascom, R, Tuanquin, L, Veldheer, S, Branstetter, S, Foulds, J & Muscat, JE 2022, 'Feasibility of Patient Navigation-Based Smoking Cessation Program in Cancer Patients', International journal of environmental research and public health, vol. 19, no. 7, 4034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074034
Zhao, W, Ahmad, D, Toth, J, Bascom, R & Higgins, WE 2022, Image-Guided System for Radial-Probe Endobronchial Ultrasound Bronchoscopy. in CA Linte & JH Siewerdsen (eds), Medical Imaging 2022: Image-Guided Procedures, Robotic Interventions, and Modeling., 120340B, Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 12034, SPIE, Medical Imaging 2022: Image-Guided Procedures, Robotic Interventions, and Modeling, Virtual, Online, 3/21/22. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2612104
Kuhlengel, TK, Bascom, R & Higgins, WE 2022, Image-guided bronchoscopy for comprehensive lymph node staging. in CA Linte & JH Siewerdsen (eds), Medical Imaging 2022: Image-Guided Procedures, Robotic Interventions, and Modeling., 120342U, Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 12034, SPIE, Medical Imaging 2022: Image-Guided Procedures, Robotic Interventions, and Modeling, Virtual, Online, 3/21/22. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2612203
Schubart, JR, Mills, SE, Schaefer, EW, Bascom, R & Francomano, CA 2022, 'Longitudinal analysis of symptoms in the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes', American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part A, vol. 188, no. 4, pp. 1204-1213. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.62640
Zang, X, Zhao, W, Toth, J, Bascom, R & Higgins, W 2022, 'Multimodal Registration for Image-Guided EBUS Bronchoscopy', Journal of Imaging, vol. 8, no. 7, 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8070189
Dhingra, R, Hakim, A, Bascom, R, Francomano, CA & Schubart, JR 2023, 'Prescription Claims for Immunomodulator and Antiinflammatory Drugs Among Persons With Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes', Arthritis Care and Research, vol. 75, no. 5, pp. 1183-1188. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.24819
Daneshpajooh, V, Ahmad, D, Toth, J, Bascom, R & Higgins, WE 2022, Video Analysis Framework for Lesion Detection in Narrow Band Imaging Bronchoscopy. in BS Gimi & A Krol (eds), Medical Imaging 2022: Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging., 120360M, Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 12036, SPIE, Medical Imaging 2022: Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging, Virtual, Online, 3/21/22. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2606054
2021
Bascom, R, Dhingra, R, Francomano, CA & Schubart, JR 2021, 'A case–control study of respiratory medication and co-occurring gastrointestinal prescription burden among persons with Ehlers–Danlos syndromes', American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics, vol. 187, no. 4, pp. 549-560. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.c.31947
Borhan, S, Motevalian, P, Ultman, JS, Bascom, R & Borhan, A 2021, 'A patient-specific model of reactive air pollutant uptake in proximal airways of the lung: Effect of tracheal deviation', Applied Mathematical Modelling, vol. 91, pp. 58-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2020.08.051
Vasyliev, V, Toth, J, Bascom, R & Higgins, WE 2021, Autonomous planning and guidance for convex-probe endobronchial ultrasound bronchoscopy. in CA Linte & JH Siewerdsen (eds), Medical Imaging 2021: Image-Guided Procedures, Robotic Interventions, and Modeling., 115980T, Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 11598, SPIE, Medical Imaging 2021: Image-Guided Procedures, Robotic Interventions, and Modeling, Virtual, Online, 2/15/21. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2580180
Bandyopadhyay, S, Daneshpajooh, V, Ahmad, D, Toth, J, Bascom, R & Higgins, WE 2021, Blood vessel segmentation in narrow band imaging bronchoscopic video. in BS Gimi & A Krol (eds), Medical Imaging 2021: Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging., 116001P, Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 11600, SPIE, Medical Imaging 2021: Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging, Virtual, Online, United States, 2/15/21. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2579930
Chang, Q, Byrnes, PD, Ahmad, D, Toth, J, Bascom, R & Higgins, WE 2021, Bronchoscopic video synchronization for interactive multimodal inspection of bronchial lesions. in CA Linte & JH Siewerdsen (eds), Medical Imaging 2021: Image-Guided Procedures, Robotic Interventions, and Modeling., 115981V, Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 11598, SPIE, Medical Imaging 2021: Image-Guided Procedures, Robotic Interventions, and Modeling, Virtual, Online, 2/15/21. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2579931
McCormack, MC, Drummond, MB, Bascom, R, Brandt, M, Burgos, F, Butler, S, Caggiano, C, Dimmock, AEF, Fessel, J, Fineberg, A, Freemer, M, Goldstein, J, Guzman, FC, Halldin, CN, Johnson, JD, Kerby, GS, Krishnan, JA, Kurth, L, Lachowicz-Scroggins, M, Morgan, G, Mularski, RA, Pasquale, CB, Punturieri, A, Ryu, J, Sinclair, T, Stachowicz, NF, Taite, A, Tilles, J, Truta, JR, Weissman, DN, David Wu, T & Yawn, BP 2021, 'Electronic Health Records and Pulmonary Function Data: Developing an Interoperability Roadmap An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report', Annals of the American Thoracic Society, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. E1-E11. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.202010-1318ST
PFF CCN Delphi Collaborators 2021, 'Essential Components of an Interstitial Lung Disease Clinic: Results From a Delphi Survey and Patient Focus Group Analysis', CHEST, vol. 159, no. 4, pp. 1517-1530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.09.256
Dhingra, R, Bascom, R, Thompson, E, Francomano, CA & Schubart, JR 2021, 'Gastrointestinal medication burden among persons with the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes', Neurogastroenterology and Motility, vol. 33, no. 7, e14077. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.14077
Zang, X, Cheirsilp, R, Byrnes, PD, Kuhlengel, TK, Abendroth, C, Allen, T, Mahraj, R, Toth, J, Bascom, R & Higgins, WE 2021, 'Image-guided EBUS bronchoscopy system for lung-cancer staging', Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, vol. 25, 100665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2021.100665
Schubart, JR, Bascom, R, Francomano, CA, Bloom, L & Hakim, AJ 2021, 'Initial description and evaluation of EDS ECHO: An international effort to improve care for people with the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes and hypermobility spectrum disorders', American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics, vol. 187, no. 4, pp. 609-615. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.c.31960
Bascom, R, Dhingra, R & Francomano, CA 2021, 'Respiratory manifestations in the Ehlers–Danlos syndromes', American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics, vol. 187, no. 4, pp. 533-548. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.c.31953
Daneshpajooh, V, Bandyopadhyay, S, Ahmad, D, Toth, J, Bascom, R & Higgins, WE 2021, Super-resolution and deblurring enhancement for narrow band imaging bronchoscopy. in I Isgum & BA Landman (eds), Medical Imaging 2021: Image Processing., 1159625, Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 11596, SPIE, Medical Imaging 2021: Image Processing, Virtual, Online, United States, 2/15/21. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2579922
Krebs, NM, Zhu, J, Wasserman, E, Kuprewicz, R, Martinez, DJ, Veldheer, S, Livelsberger, C, Modesto, J, Reinhart, L, Trushin, N, Reilly, SM, Liao, J, Fazzi, A, Bascom, R, Richie, JP, Foulds, J, Horn, K & Muscat, JE 2021, 'Switching to Progressively Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes in Smokers with Low Socioeconomic Status: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial', Nicotine and Tobacco Research, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 992-1001. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa247
Bloom, L, Schubart, J, Bascom, R, Hakim, A & Francomano, CA 2021, 'The power of patient-led global collaboration', American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics, vol. 187, no. 4, pp. 425-428. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.c.31942
2020
Miller, AJ, Schubart, JR, Sheehan, T, Bascom, R & Francomano, CA 2020, 'Arterial elasticity in ehlers-danlos syndromes', Genes, vol. 11, no. 1, 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010055
Chang, Q, Bascom, R, Toth, J, Ahmad, D & Higgins, WE 2020, Autofluorescence Bronchoscopy Video Analysis for Lesion Frame Detection. in 42nd Annual International Conferences of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society: Enabling Innovative Technologies for Global Healthcare, EMBC 2020., 9176007, Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS, vol. 2020-July, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., pp. 1556-1559, 42nd Annual International Conferences of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBC 2020, Montreal, Canada, 7/20/20. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC44109.2020.9176007
Claxton, BB, Dimmock, AEF, Jain, R, Drummond, MB & Bascom, R 2020, 'Castleman flare or COPD exacerbation— can biomarkers override availability bias?', Respiratory Medicine Case Reports, vol. 30, 101099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101099
Du, P, Bascom, R, Fan, T, Sinharoy, A, Yingst, J, Mondal, P & Foulds, J 2020, 'Changes in flavor preference in a cohort of long-term electronic cigarette users', Annals of the American Thoracic Society, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 573-581. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201906-472OC
Higgins, WE, Cheirsilp, R, Kuhlengel, T, Allen, TW, Mahraj, R & Bascom, R 2020, 'Computer-Based 3D PET/CT Thoracic ROI Definition and Visualization', American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. <https://www-atsjournals-org.pitt.idm.oclc.org/doi/abs/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2015.191.1_MeetingAbstracts.A4967>
Wells, AU, Flaherty, KR, Brown, KK, Inoue, Y, Devaraj, A, Richeldi, L, Moua, T, Crestani, B, Wuyts, WA, Stowasser, S, Quaresma, M, Goeldner, RG, Schlenker-Herceg, R, Kolb, M, Abe, S, Aburto, M, Acosta, O, Andrews, C, Antin-Ozerkis, D, Arce, G, Arias, M, Avdeev, S, Barczyk, A, Bascom, R, Bazdyrev, E, Beirne, P, Belloli, E, Bergna, MA, Bergot, E, Bhatt, N, Blaas, S, Bondue, B, Bonella, F, Britt, E, Buch, K, Burk, J, Cai, H, Cantin, A, Castillo Villegas, DM, Cazaux, A, Cerri, S, Chaaban, S, Chaudhuri, N, Cottin, V, Crestani, B, Criner, G, Dahlqvist, C, Danoff, S, Dematte D'Amico, J, Dilling, D, Elias, P, Ettinger, N, Falk, J, Fernández Pérez, ER, Gamez-Dubuis, A, Giessel, G, Gifford, A, Glassberg, M, Glazer, C, Golden, J, Gómez Carrera, L, Guiot, J, Hallowell, R, Hayashi, H, Hetzel, J, Hirani, N, Homik, L, Hope-Gill, B, Hotchkin, D, Ichikado, K, Ilkovich, M, Inoue, Y, Izumi, S, Jassem, E, Jones, L, Jouneau, S, Kaner, R, Kang, J, Kawamura, T, Kessler, R, Kim, Y, Kishi, K, Kitamura, H, Kondoh, Y, Kono, C, Koschel, D, Kreuter, M, Kulkarni, T, Kus, J, Lebargy, F, León Jiménez, A, Luo, Q, Mageto, Y, Maher, TM, Makino, S, Marchand-Adam, S, Marquette, C, Martinez, R, Martínez, M, Maturana Rozas, R, Miyazaki, Y, Moiseev, S, Molina-Molina, M, Morrison, L, Morrow, L, Moua, T, Nambiar, A, Nishioka, Y, Nunes, H, Okamoto, M, Oldham, J, Otaola, M, Padilla, M, Park, JS, Patel, N, Pesci, A, Piotrowski, W, Pitts, L, Poonyagariyagorn, H, Prasse, A, Quadrelli, S, Randerath, W, Refini, R, Reynaud-Gaubert, M, Riviere, F, Rodríguez Portal, JA, Rosas, I, Rossman, M, Safdar, Z, Saito, T, Sakamoto, N, Salinas Fénero, M, Sauleda, J, Schmidt, S, Scholand, MB, Schwartz, M, Shapera, S, Shlobin, O, Sigal, B, Silva Orellana, A, Skowasch, D, Song, JW, Stieglitz, S, Stone, H, Strek, M, Suda, T, Sugiura, H, Takahashi, H, Takaya, H, Takeuchi, T, Thavarajah, K, Tolle, L, Tomassetti, S, Tomii, K, Valenzuela, C, Vancheri, C, Varone, F, Veeraraghavan, S, Villar, A, Weigt, S, Wemeau, L, Wuyts, W, Xu, Z, Yakusevich, V, Yamada, Y, Yamauchi, H & Ziora, D 2020, 'Nintedanib in patients with progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases—subgroup analyses by interstitial lung disease diagnosis in the INBUILD trial: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial', The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 453-460. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30036-9
Miller, AJ, Stiles, LE, Sheehan, T, Bascom, R, Levy, HP, Francomano, CA & Arnold, AC 2020, 'Prevalence of hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome', Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical, vol. 224, 102637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2020.102637
Zhao, W, Bascom, R, Toth, J & Higgins, WE 2020, Virtual radial-probe endobronchial ultrasound for image-guided bronchoscopy. in B Fei & CA Linte (eds), Medical Imaging 2020: Image-Guided Procedures, Robotic Interventions, and Modeling., 113151U, Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, vol. 11315, SPIE, Medical Imaging 2020: Image-Guided Procedures, Robotic Interventions, and Modeling, Houston, United States, 2/16/20. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2543063