Researcher Profile
Researcher Profile
John Richie, PhD
Professor, Department of Public Health Sciences
Division of Epidemiology
Professor, Department of Pharmacology
Division of Epidemiology
Professor, Department of Pharmacology
Scientific Program:Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis
Research Interests
Dr. John Richie's research over the past 35 years has focused on elucidating mechanistic links between the biological aging process and the development of aging-related diseases with a particular focus on cancer.
Using an interdisciplinary research approach, a major aim has been on the role of oxidative stress, generated both endogenously through normal metabolism and from environmental exposures such as tobacco, as a mechanism for enhanced susceptibility to diseases during aging. In particular, his research has focused on the critical role of glutathione, the body’s major antioxidant and redox regulator, in protecting against and responding to oxidative challenges.
In addition, he continues to investigate novel dietary interventions involving sulfur amino acid restriction as a means of delaying the aging process and inhibiting the development of chronic diseases.
With the ultimate goal of developing effective disease prevention strategies and improved healthspan, Dr. Richie’s lab continues to translate its laboratory findings by testing promising intervention protocols aimed at enhancing cellular protective mechanisms in both preclinical models and clinical trials.
- Tobacco Products
- Glutathione
- Smokers
- Neoplasms
- Nicotine
- Smoke
- Tobacco
- Smoking
- Biomarkers
- Free Radicals
- Oxidative Stress
- Lung Neoplasms
Recent Publications
2021
Ba, DM, Gao, X, Muscat, J, Al-Shaar, L, Chinchilli, V, Zhang, X, Ssentongo, P, Beelman, RB & Richie, JP 2021, 'Association of mushroom consumption with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among American adults: prospective cohort study findings from NHANES III', Nutrition Journal, vol. 20, no. 1, 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-021-00691-8
Randomised Control Trial Methods Workgroup of the Center for the Study of Tobacco Products 2021, 'Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery system with 0, 8, or 36 mg/mL liquid nicotine versus a cigarette substitute on tobacco-related toxicant exposure: a four-arm, parallel-group, randomised, controlled trial', The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 840-850. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00022-9
Hobkirk, A, Houser, KR, Hoglen, B, Bitzer, ZT, Fendrich, A, Bordner, CR, Foulds, J, Wang, J, Mukherjee, D, Yingst, J, Karunanayaka, P, Goel, R, Richie, JP, Elias, RJ & Yang, QX 2021, 'Evidence from an fMRI study that dessert-flavored e-cigarettes engage taste-related, but not smoking-related, brain circuitry for female daily smokers.', Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000488
Du, P, Arpadi, SM, Muscat, J & Richie, JP 2021, 'Glutathione Deficiency in HIV-1-Infected Children with Short Stature', Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, vol. 16, no. 4, 2000092, pp. 148-153. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1722973
Ba, DM, Ssentongo, P, Beelman, RB, Muscat, J, Gao, X & Richie, JP 2021, 'Higher Mushroom Consumption Is Associated with Lower Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies', Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.). https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmab015
Krebs, NM, Zhu, J, Wasserman, E, Kuprewicz, R, Martinez, DJ, Veldheer, S, Livelsberger, C, Modesto, J, Reinhart, L, Trushin, N, Reilly, SM, Liao, J, Fazzi, A, Bascom, R, Richie, JP, Foulds, J, Horn, K & Muscat, JE 2021, 'Switching to Progressively Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes in Smokers With Low Socioeconomic Status: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial', Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 992-1001. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa247
2020
Hobkirk, AL, Bitzer, Z, Goel, R, Sica, CT, Livelsberger, C, Yingst, J, Houser, KR, Rupprecht, S, Trushin, N, Karunanayaka, P, Foulds, J, Richie, JP, Spreen, L, Hoglen, B, Wang, J, Elias, RJ & Yang, QX 2020, 'An Electronic Aerosol Delivery System for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging', Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment, vol. 14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178221820904140
El-Bayoumy, K, Christensen, ND, Hu, J, Viscidi, R, Stairs, DB, Walter, V, Chen, KM, Sun, YW, Muscat, JE & Richie, JP 2020, 'An integrated approach for preventing oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers: Two etiologies with distinct and shared mechanisms of carcinogenesis', Cancer Prevention Research, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 649-660. https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-20-0096
Ba, D, Ssentongo, P, Liu, G, Beelman, R, Gao, X & Richie, J 2020, 'Association of Meat Consumption and Iron Deficiency Among Women of Reproductive Age in Sub Saharan Africa', Current Developments in Nutrition, vol. 4, no. Supplement_2, pp. 804-804. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa053_009
Dong, Z, Gao, X, Chinchilli, VM, Sinha, R, Muscat, J, Winkels, RM & Richie, JP 2020, 'Association of sulfur amino acid consumption with cardiometabolic risk factors: Cross-sectional findings from NHANES III', EClinicalMedicine, vol. 19, 100248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.100248
Ba, DM, Ssentongo, P, Na, M, Kjerulff, KH, Liu, G, Du, P, Song, W, Richie, JP & Gao, X 2020, 'Factors Associated with Urinary Iodine Concentration among Women of Reproductive Age, 20-49 Years Old, in Tanzania: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study', Current Developments in Nutrition, vol. 4, no. 5, nzaa079. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa079
Ba, DM, Ssentongo, P, Na, M, Kjerulff, KH, Liu, G, Du, P, Song, W, Richie, JP & Gao, X 2020, 'Factors Associated with Urinary Iodine Concentration among Women of Reproductive Age, 20-49 Years Old, in Tanzania: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study', Current Developments in Nutrition, vol. 4, no. 5. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa079
Bitzer, ZT, Goel, R, Trushin, N, Muscat, J & Richie, JP 2020, 'Free Radical Production and Characterization of Heat-Not-Burn Cigarettes in Comparison to Conventional and Electronic Cigarettes', Chemical research in toxicology, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 1882-1887. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00088
Lei, X, Goel, R, Sun, D, Bhangu, G, Bitzer, ZT, Trushin, N, Ma, L, Richie, JP, Xiu, G & Muscat, JE 2020, 'Free Radical and Nicotine Yields in Mainstream Smoke of Chinese Marketed Cigarettes: Variation with Smoking Regimens and Cigarette Brands', Chemical research in toxicology, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 1791-1797. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00041
Beelman, RB, Kalaras, MD, Phillips, AT & Richie, JP 2020, 'Is ergothioneine a 'longevity vitamin' limited in the American diet?', Journal of Nutritional Science. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2020.44
Ba, D, Ssentongo, P, Beelman, R, Gao, X & Richie, J 2020, 'Mushroom Consumption Is Associated with Low Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observation Studies', Current Developments in Nutrition, vol. 4, no. Supplement_2, pp. 307-307. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa044_006
Kamens, HM, Silva, CP, Nye, RT, Miller, CN, Singh, N, Sipko, J, Trushin, N, Sun, D, Branstetter, SA, Muscat, JE, Richie, JP & Foulds, J 2020, 'Pharmacokinetic Profile of Spectrum Reduced Nicotine Cigarettes', Nicotine and Tobacco Research, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 273-279. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz045
2019
Winkels, RM, van Brakel, L, van Baar, H, Beelman, RB, van Duijnhoven, FJB, Geijsen, A, van Halteren, HK, Hansson, BME, Richie, JP, Sun, D, Wesselink, E, van Zutphen, M, Kampman, E & Kok, DE 2020, 'Are Ergothioneine Levels in Blood Associated with Chronic Peripheral Neuropathy in Colorectal Cancer Patients Who Underwent Chemotherapy?', Nutrition and cancer, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 451-459. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2019.1637005
Allen, SI, Wasserman, E, Veldheer, S, Yingst, J, Hrabovsky, S, Liao, J, Krebs, NM, Horn, K, Reinhart, L, Modesto, J, Putt, K, Evins, AE, Muscat, JE, Richie, JP & Foulds, J 2019, 'Characteristics of Adult Cigarette Smokers Who "relight" and the Effects of Exposure to Tobacco Smoke Constituents', Nicotine and Tobacco Research, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 1206-1212. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty138
Gao, X, Sanderson, SM, Dai, Z, Reid, MA, Cooper, DE, Lu, M, Richie, JP, Ciccarella, A, Calcagnotto, A, Mikhael, PG, Mentch, SJ, Liu, J, Ables, G, Kirsch, DG, Hsu, DS, Nichenametla, SN & Locasale, JW 2019, 'Dietary methionine influences therapy in mouse cancer models and alters human metabolism', Nature, vol. 572, no. 7769, pp. 397-401. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1437-3
Hrabovsky, SM, Midya, V, Lester, C, Veldheer, S, Yingst, JM, Allen, SI, Krebs, NM, Liao, J, Reinhart, L, Modesto, J, Evins, AE, Richie, JP, Muscat, JE, Horn, K & Foulds, J 2019, 'Effect of cigarette rod length on smokers switching to SPECTRUM cigarettes', American Journal of Health Behavior, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 380-392. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.43.2.14
Bitzer, ZT, Goel, R, Reilly, SM, Bhangu, G, Trushin, N, Foulds, J, Muscat, J & Richie, JP 2019, 'Emissions of Free Radicals, Carbonyls, and Nicotine from the NIDA Standardized Research Electronic Cigarette and Comparison to Similar Commercial Devices', Chemical research in toxicology, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 130-138. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00235
Reilly, SM, Bitzer, ZT, Goel, R, Trushin, N & Richie, JP 2019, 'Free Radical, Carbonyl, and Nicotine Levels Produced by Juul Electronic Cigarettes', Nicotine and Tobacco Research, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 1274-1278. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty221
Cirillo, S, Urena, JF, Lambert, JD, Vivarelli, F, Canistro, D, Paolini, M, Cardenia, V, Rodriguez-Estrada, MT, Richie, JP & Elias, RJ 2019, 'Impact of electronic cigarette heating coil resistance on the production of reactive carbonyls, reactive oxygen species and induction of cytotoxicity in human lung cancer cells in vitro', Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 109, 104500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104500
Komninou, D, Malloy, VL, Zimmerman, JA, Sinha, R & Richie, JP 2020, 'Methionine restriction delays aging-related urogenital diseases in male Fischer 344 rats', GeroScience, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 287-297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-019-00129-4
Beelman, RB, Kalaras, MD & Richie, JP 2019, 'Micronutrients and Bioactive Compounds in Mushrooms: A Recipe for Healthy Aging?', Nutrition Today, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/NT.0000000000000315
Yingst, JM, Hrabovsky, S, Hobkirk, A, Trushin, N, Richie, JP & Foulds, J 2019, 'Nicotine Absorption Profile Among Regular Users of a Pod-Based Electronic Nicotine Delivery System', JAMA network open, vol. 2, no. 11, pp. e1915494. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.15494
Yingst, JM, Foulds, J, Veldheer, S, Hrabovsky, S, Trushin, N, Eissenberg, TT, Williams, J, Richie, JP, Nichols, TT, Wilson, SJ & Hobkirk, AL 2019, 'Nicotine absorption during electronic cigarette use among regular users', PloS one, vol. 14, no. 7, e0220300. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220300
2018
Goel, R, Trushin, N, Reilly, SM, Bitzer, Z, Muscat, J, Foulds, J & Richie, JP 2018, 'A survey of nicotine yields in small cigar smoke: Influence of cigar design and smoking regimens', Nicotine and Tobacco Research, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 1250-1257. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx220
Veldheer, S, Midya, V, Lester, C, Liao, J, Yingst, J, Hrabovsky, S, Allen, SI, Krebs, NM, Reinhart, L, Evins, AE, Horn, K, Richie, J, Muscat, J & Foulds, J 2018, 'Acceptability of SPECTRUM Research Cigarettes among Participants in Trials of Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes', Tobacco Regulatory Science, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 573-585. https://doi.org/10.18001/TRS.4.1.4
Veldheer, S, Midya, V, Lester, C, Liao, JJ, Yingst, JM, Hrabovsky, S, Allen, SI, Krebs, NM, Reinhart, L, Evins, AE, Horn, K, Richie, J, Muscat, J & Foulds, J 2018, 'Acceptability of Switching from Usual Brand to SPECTRUM Research Cigarettes with Normal Nicotine Content', Tobacco Regulatory Science, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 573-585.
Kazi, A, Fazzi, A, Krebs, NM, Merchlinski, AJ, Kline, B, Veldheer, S, Richie, J, Foulds, J, Lane, T, Donny, EC & Muscat, J 2018, 'Cigarette Management System: An operating procedures guide to obtaining and managing investigational tobacco products for regulatory science research', Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications, vol. 11, pp. 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conctc.2018.05.006
Wasserman, EJ, Reilly, SM, Goel, R, Foulds, J, Richie, JP & Muscat, JE 2018, 'Comparison of biomarkers of tobacco exposure between premium and discount brand cigarette smokers in the NHANES 2011-2012 special sample', Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 601-609. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-17-0869
Joseph, S, Krebs, NM, Zhu, J, Wert, Y, Goel, R, Reilly, SM, Sun, D, Richie, JP, Nikiforov, I, Cheriyath, P & Muscat, JE 2018, 'Differences in nicotine dependence, smoke exposure and consumer characteristics between smokers of machine-injected roll-your-own cigarettes and factory-made cigarettes', Drug and alcohol dependence, vol. 187, pp. 109-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.039
Dong, Z, Sinha, R & Richie, JP 2018, 'Disease prevention and delayed aging by dietary sulfur amino acid restriction: Translational implications', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1418, no. 1, pp. 44-55. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13584
Stennett, A, Krebs, NM, Liao, J, Richie, JP & Muscat, JE 2018, 'Ecological momentary assessment of smoking behaviors in native and converted intermittent smokers', American Journal on Addictions, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 131-138. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12690
Goel, R, Bitzer, ZT, Reilly, SM, Bhangu, G, Trushin, N, Elias, RJ, Foulds, J, Muscat, J & Richie, JP 2018, 'Effect of Charcoal in Cigarette Filters on Free Radicals in Mainstream Smoke', Chemical research in toxicology, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 745-751. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00092
Bitzer, ZT, Goel, R, Reilly, SM, Elias, RJ, Silakov, A, Foulds, J, Muscat, J & Richie, JP 2018, 'Effect of flavoring chemicals on free radical formation in electronic cigarette aerosols', Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol. 120, pp. 72-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.020
Reilly, SM, Goel, R, Trushin, N, Bitzer, ZT, Elias, RJ, Muscat, J & Richie, JP 2018, 'Effects of Charcoal on Carbonyl Delivery from Commercial, Research, and Make-Your-Own Cigarettes', Chemical research in toxicology, vol. 31, no. 12, pp. 1339-1347. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00211
Bitzer, ZT, Goel, R, Reilly, SM, Foulds, J, Muscat, J, Elias, R & Richie, J 2018, 'Effects of Solvent and Temperature on Free Radical Formation in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols', Chemical research in toxicology, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 4-12. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00116
Foulds, J, Hobkirk, A, Wasserman, E, Richie, J, Veldheer, S, Krebs, NM, Reinhart, L & Muscat, J 2018, 'Estimation of compliance with exclusive smoking of very low nicotine content cigarettes using plasma cotinine', Preventive Medicine, vol. 117, pp. 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.04.011
Goel, R, Bitzer, ZT, Reilly, SM, Foulds, J, Muscat, J, Elias, R & Richie, J 2018, 'Influence of Smoking Puff Parameters and Tobacco Varieties on Free Radicals Yields in Cigarette Mainstream Smoke', Chemical research in toxicology, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 325-331. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00011
Reilly, SM, Goel, R, Bitzer, Z, Elias, RJ, Foulds, J, Muscat, J & Richie, JP 2018, 'Little cigars, filtered cigars, and their carbonyl delivery relative to cigarettes', Nicotine and Tobacco Research, vol. 20, pp. S969-S106. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx274
Sinha, R, Sinha, I, Calcagnotto, A, Trushin, N, Haley, JS, Schell, TD & Richie, JP 2018, 'Oral supplementation with liposomal glutathione elevates body stores of glutathione and markers of immune function', European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 105-111. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2017.132
2017
Allen, SI, Foulds, J, Pachas, GN, Veldheer, S, Cather, C, Azzouz, N, Hrabovsky, S, Hameed, A, Yingst, J, Hammett, E, Modesto, J, Krebs, NM, Zhu, J, Liao, J, Muscat, JE, Richie, J & Evins, AE 2017, 'A two-site, two-arm, 34-week, double-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial of reduced nicotine cigarettes in smokers with mood and/or anxiety disorders: trial design and protocol', BMC Public Health, vol. 17, no. 1, 100, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3946-4
Reilly, SM, Goel, R, Trushin, N, Elias, RJ, Foulds, J, Muscat, J, Liao, J & Richie, JP 2017, 'Brand variation in oxidant production in mainstream cigarette smoke: Carbonyls and free radicals', Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 106, pp. 147-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.035
Hobkirk, A, Nichols, TT, Foulds, J, Yingst, JM, Veldheer, S, Hrabovsky, S, Richie, J, Eissenberg, T & Wilson, S 2018, 'Changes in resting state functional brain connectivity and withdrawal symptoms are associated with acute electronic cigarette use', Brain Research Bulletin, vol. 138, pp. 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.05.010
Krebs, NM, Allen, SI, Veldheer, S, Martinez, DJ, Horn, K, Livelsberger, C, Modesto, J, Kuprewicz, R, Wilhelm, A, Hrabovsky, S, Kazi, A, Fazzi, A, Liao, J, Zhu, J, Wasserman, E, Reilly, SM, Reinhart, L, Trushin, N, Moyer, RE, Bascom, R, Foulds, J, Richie, JP & Muscat, JE 2017, 'Correction: Reduced nicotine content cigarettes in smokers of low socioeconomic status: Study protocol for a randomized control trial. [Trials. 18, (2017) (300)] DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-2038-9', Trials, vol. 18, no. 1, 598. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-017-2356-y
Reilly, SM, Goel, R, Bitzer, Z, Elias, RJ, Foulds, J, Muscat, J & Richie, JP 2017, 'Effects of Topography-Related Puff Parameters on Carbonyl Delivery in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke', Chemical research in toxicology, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 1463-1469. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00104
Chen, KM, Schell, TD, Richie, JP, Sun, YW, Zhang, SM, Calcagnotto, A, Aliaga, C, Gowda, K, Amin, S & El-Bayoumy, K 2017, 'Effects of chronic alcohol consumption on DNA damage and immune regulation induced by the environmental pollutant dibenzo[a,l]pyrene in oral tissues of mice', Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part C Environmental Carcinogenesis and Ecotoxicology Reviews, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 213-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/10590501.2017.1391514
Kalaras, MD, Richie, J, Calcagnotto, A & Beelman, RB 2017, 'Mushrooms: A rich source of the antioxidants ergothioneine and glutathione', Food Chemistry, vol. 233, pp. 429-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.109
Krebs, NM, Allen, SI, Veldheer, S, Martinez, DJ, Horn, K, Livelsberger, C, Modesto, J, Kuprewicz, R, Wilhelm, A, Hrabovsky, S, Kazi, A, Fazzi, A, Liao, J, Zhu, J, Wasserman, E, Reilly, SM, Reinhart, L, Trushin, N, Moyer, RE, Bascom, R, Foulds, J, Richie, JP & Muscat, JE 2017, 'Reduced nicotine content cigarettes in smokers of low socioeconomic status: Study protocol for a randomized control trial', Trials, vol. 18, no. 1, 300. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-017-2038-9
McDonald, AC, Bunker, CH, Raman, J, Richie, J & Patrick, AL 2017, 'Serum carotenoid and retinol levels in African-Caribbean Tobagonian men with high prostate cancer risk in comparison with African-American men', British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 117, no. 8, pp. 1128-1136. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114517000873
Mattocks, DAL, Mentch, SJ, Shneyder, J, Ables, GP, Sun, D, Richie, JP, Locasale, JW & Nichenametla, SN 2017, 'Short term methionine restriction increases hepatic global DNA methylation in adult but not young male C57BL/6J mice', Experimental Gerontology, vol. 88, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2016.12.003
Manni, A, Richie, JP, Schetter, SE, Calcagnotto, A, Trushin, N, Aliaga, C & El-Bayoumy, K 2017, 'Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, a novel target of omega-3 fatty acids for reducing breast cancer risk in obese postmenopausal women', European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 762-765. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.273
Goel, R, Bitzer, Z, Reilly, SM, Trushin, N, Foulds, J, Muscat, J, Liao, J, Elias, RJ & Richie, JP 2017, 'Variation in Free Radical Yields from U.S. Marketed Cigarettes', Chemical research in toxicology, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 1038-1045. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00359